New research conducted by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Carnegie Mellon University, SRI International and the University of Colorado at Boulder shows that drone-based delivery could reduce greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions and energy use in the transportation sector – but under certain circumstances.
As explained in a press release from LLNL, several companies have been developing programs for package delivery using drones, including Amazon, Google, UPS and Deutsche Post DHL. The researchers set out to find if drone delivery is a promising idea for the environment or whether, like conventional overnight package delivery, it leads to much higher energy use and carbon emissions. The research appears in the Feb. 13 edition of Nature Communications.
To find out, the researchers flew test campaigns with two commercial drones and developed an estimate of the energy needed to deliver a package in various scenarios. They also considered how battery technology and drone design will improve over time. Then, using “Life Cycle Assessment,” they compared the drone scenarios with delivery by truck, van and passenger car. The technique accounts for upstream impacts, such as emissions from manufacturing the batteries or refining oil into diesel fuel.
The researchers found that the current practical range of multi-rotor drones is about 4 kilometers (roughly 2.5 miles) – which means a new network of urban warehouses or waystations would be needed to support a drone delivery system. These warehouses, in turn, would take energy to run. Although drones consume less energy per package-mile than delivery trucks, the additional warehouse energy required and the longer distances traveled by drones per package greatly increase the life cycle impacts, according to the research.
Overall, the results are mixed: The best choice depends on things such as the size of the drone, the weight of the package and the types of power plants on the regional electricity grid. Notably, drones are favored in regions with relatively clean electricity, like California, according to the researchers.
“A light package – say, a pair of sunglasses – flown by a small drone over a few miles, saves a lot of energy and greenhouse-gas emissions compared to a delivery truck. But a larger package – say, a computer monitor – flown by a drone large enough to carry it probably does worse than a delivery truck,” says LLNL scientist Joshua Stolaroff and lead author of the paper.
Are there ways to make larger drones more efficient than trucks and vans?
“Yes,” Stolaroff says. “Charging drones only with renewable and low-carbon electricity would be the easiest way. They also might find creative ways to deliver goods from existing retail stores rather than building additional warehouses. The bottom line is to pay attention to life cycle impacts when designing both the drone and logistics network.”
The researchers recommend that regulators and companies looking to get an environmental benefit from drones should consider the system-wide impacts and should focus their efforts on small packages, with larger packages being left for trucks and vans.
The work was funded in part by the Climate and Energy Decision Making center through a cooperative agreement between the National Science Foundation and Carnegie Mellon University.
In summary, the abstract of the research paper states as follows:
“The use of automated, unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) to deliver commercial packages is poised to become a new industry, significantly shifting energy use in the freight sector. Here we find the current practical range of multi-copters to be about 4 km with current battery technology, requiring a new network of urban warehouses or waystations as support. We show that, although drones consume less energy per package-km than delivery trucks, the additional warehouse energy required and the longer distances traveled by drones per package greatly increase the life cycle impacts. Still, in most cases examined, the impacts of package delivery by small drone are lower than ground-based delivery. Results suggest that, if carefully deployed, drone-based delivery could reduce greenhouse-gas emissions and energy use in the freight sector. To realize the environmental benefits of drone delivery, regulators and firms should focus on minimizing extra warehousing and limiting the size of drones.”
