Unmanned Aerial - Drone News

This UAV ‘Swarm’ Could Help out After an Oil Spill

Posted by Betsy Lillian on March 06, 2017 No Comments
Categories : Mapping & Surveying

Thousands of ants converge to follow the most direct path from their colony to their food and back. A swarm of inexpensive drones quickly maps an offshore oil spill.

What could these events have in common?

According to the State University of New York at Buffalo, each extremely complex task is accomplished by individuals who are following very simple rules. But to make the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) do it, a bit of nature’s magic must be captured in a mathematical formula.

“Nature may not proactively use mathematics, nor does it have foresight. It behaves in ways driven by feedback, implicit drive for adaptation and a certain degree of apparent randomness,” says Souma Chowdhury, PhD, assistant professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering in the University at Buffalo’s (UB) School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. “But we can look at what kind of mathematical principles define that behavior. Once we have that, we can use it to solve very complex problems.”

Souma-Chowdhury This UAV 'Swarm' Could Help out After an Oil Spill

Chowdhury

The university says Chowdhury is pioneering a way to program a team of drones to quickly map an oil spill. His computational efforts, in a paper he co-authored with UB students Zachary Ball and Philip Odonkor, were presented in January at the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics’ Science and Technology Forum. The study, called “A Swarm-Intelligence Approach to Oil Spill Mapping using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles,” simulated a five-drone swarm that can map a nearly one-kilometer-wide spill in nine minutes.

To make that work, Chowdhury had to overcome the lack of communication bandwidth typical of a flying ad hoc network and the short battery life of off-the-shelf drones, the university explains in a press release.

Following the principles partly inspired by the dynamics of a flock of birds, Chowdhury devised a method for the UAVs to quickly record whether they are over water, oil or the edge of the spill. In addition, the UAVs assume that the space around the oil they have spotted is also oil, although that is recorded as less than certain.

UB says this simple information is shared with the other drones in the swarm – as opposed to sharing actual images or video, which would require too much bandwidth.

“Communication is the foundation of any swarm,” Chowdhury explains.

As the UAVs move from point to point over the spill, they avoid going over spaces that the other drones have already covered; thus, with five drones making observations every five seconds, the size of the spill can be determined quickly, says UB.

The UAVs also fly to their base on a boat when their batteries get low. The drones that replace them on the search already have the information from all the other drones, so they avoid previously mapped locations.

“The thematic focus of my lab is developing computational design approaches that take inspiration from nature,” Chowdhury says.

According to the university, the low computer power – each drone can operate with a $35 Raspberry Pi computer – keeps costs low. Thus, Chowdhury’s approach accomplishes a complex task by using simple agents.

“There is no need for human interaction during its entire mission,” he points out. “That’s the big deal.”

Another big deal, says UB, is the cost: Chowdhury’s approach assumes simple, affordable drones, which makes it accessible to many more people.

“This task can be accomplished by off-the-shelf drones that cost under $1,000. All they need is to have a simple, drone-mountable camera system and use our software,” he says.

However, collision avoidance is a challenge for the swarm, but Chowdhury is following nature’s simple rules, according to UB. In recent work reported by the University of Queensland, researchers watched very carefully how parrots never crashed into each other. They observed through tunnel experiments that they always veer to the right – a simple rule that keeps every member of the flock safe.

By using similar principles, drones can preemptively turn a certain angle to the right when they sense another flying member of the swarm, according to the researchers. Chowdhury is writing that in a companion paper to be submitted to another international conference later this year, the university says.

UB notes that swarming drones could be used elsewhere, such as for mapping forest fires or other natural disasters.

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